COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the general population and under-resourced communities from high-income countries: realist review.

OBJECTIVE: To compare vaccination willingness before rollout and 1 year post-rollout uptake among the general population and under-resourced communities in high-income countries. DESIGN: A realist review. DATA SOURCES: Embase, PubMed, Dimensions ai and Google Scholar. SETTING: High-income countries. DEFINITIONS: We defined vaccination willingness as the proportion of participants willing or intending to receive vaccines prior to availability. We defined vaccine uptake as the real proportion of the population with complete vaccination as reported by each country until November 2021. RESULTS: We included data from 62 studies and 18 high-income countries. For studies conducted among general populations, the proportion of vaccination willingness was 67% (95% CI 62% to 72%). In real-world settings, the overall proportion of vaccine uptake among those countries was 73% (95% CI 69% to 76%). 17 studies reported pre-rollout willingness for under-resourced communities. The summary proportion of vaccination willingness from studies reporting results among people from under-resourced communities was 52% (95% CI 0.46% to 0.57%). Real-world evidence about vaccine uptake after rollout among under-resourced communities was limited. CONCLUSION: Our review emphasises the importance of realist reviews for assessing vaccine acceptance. Limited real-world evidence about vaccine uptake among under-resourced communities in high-income countries is a call to context-specific actions and reporting.

Outcomes of care during the last month of life: a systematic review to inform the development of a core outcome set.

BACKGROUND: To date, there is a lack of standardization and consensus on which outcomes are central to assess the care provided to patients in the last month of life. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review to identify relevant outcomes to inform the development of a core outcome set for the best care for the dying person. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of outcomes reported in the scientific literature about the care for the dying person in the last month of life. We searched for peer-reviewed studies published before February 2022 in four electronic databases. To categorise the outcomes, we employed the taxonomy developed by the "Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials" collaboration. RESULTS: Out of the 2,933 articles retrieved, 619 were included for analyses. The majority of studies (71%) were retrospective and with data extracted from chart reviews (71%) . We extracted 1,951 outcomes in total, from which, after deletion of repeated outcomes, we identified 256 unique ones. The most frequently assessed outcomes were those related to medication or therapeutic interventions and those to hospital/ healthcare use. Outcomes related to psychosocial wellbeing were rarely assessed. The closer to death, the less frequently the outcomes were studied. CONCLUSIONS: Most outcomes were related to medical interventions or to hospital use. Only a few studies focused on other components of integrated care such as psychosocial aspects. It remains to be defined which of these outcomes are fundamental to achieve the best care for the dying.

Association between Total Dietary Phytochemical Intake and Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes-Results from a 10-Year Follow-Up on a Middle-Aged Cohort Population.

Dietary phytochemical intake associations with cardiovascular health and mortality remain unknown. We studied the relations between total dietary phytochemical intake and cardiovascular health outcomes in a middle-aged Swiss population. We analyzed data spanning 2009 to 2021 from a prospective cohort study in Lausanne, Switzerland, including 3721 participants (54.8% women, 57.2 ± 10.3 years) without cardiovascular disease (CVD) history. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated self-reported food frequency questionnaire. The Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI) and the healthy Dietary Phytochemical Index (hDPI) were calculated as the total energy intake percentage obtained from phytochemical-rich food consumption. The Healthy Plant-Based Diet Index (hPBD) was estimated by scoring healthy plant foods positively and less-healthy plant foods negatively. Indices tertiles and cardiometabolic outcome associations were determined using Cox proportional hazard models. Over 30,217 person-years of follow-up, 262 CVD events, and 178 deaths occurred. Unadjusted analyses found 36%, 33%, and 32% lower CVD risk for the highest hDPI, DPI, and hPBD tertiles, respectively. After adjustment, only the second hDPI tertile showed a 30% lower CVD risk (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.95; P for trend 0.362). No other associations emerged. In this middle-aged Swiss cohort, no associations between dietary indices reflecting a phytochemical-rich dietary pattern and incident CVD, all-cause, or CVD mortality were observed.

Association between dietary phytochemical index, cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome in Switzerland. The CoLaus study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plant-based diets are associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) and lower risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), probably via phytochemicals acting synergistically. However, dietary phytochemical content estimation is challenging; therefore, the dietary phytochemical index (DPI) was proposed as a practical way to assess total dietary phytochemical content from phytochemical-rich foods (PRFs). We evaluated the association between DPI with CRFs and MetS and its components. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional analysis of 2009-2012 data of Colaus cohort study (Lausanne, Switzerland), including 3879 participants (mean age 57.6 ± 10.4 years, 53.5% women). Dietary intake was assessed via a validated food frequency questionnaire. DPI was calculated as the total energy intake percentage obtained from PRFs consumption and assessed as quartiles. Associations were determined using multivariable linear and logistic regression for CRFs and MetS, respectively. Median DPI value was 25.5 (interquartile range: 17.7-34.6). After multivariable-adjusted analyses, significant inverse associations were observed between the last two highest DPI quartiles and waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), insulin, leptin, and hs-CRP. No significant associations were observed for MetS or its components except for central obesity, as subjects in the highest DPI quartile had lower odds (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.97) than those in lowest quartile. CONCLUSION: A diet high in PRFs assessed via DPI is associated with lower WC, BMI, insulin, leptin, hs-CRP values, and lower odds of central obesity, indicating a potential protective effect of phytochemical intake on these CRFs and highlighting the importance of high PRFs intake in promoting cardiometabolic health.

Early menopause and cardiovascular risk factors: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of early natural menopause with changes in cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). METHODS: Postmenopausal women from the Swiss CoLaus study, reporting age at natural menopause (ANM) and having CVRFs measurements (blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], and inflammatory markers) at baseline (2003-2006) and first follow-up (2009-2012) were eligible for analysis. Age at natural menopause was analyzed as a continuous variable and in categories (ANM <45 and ≥45 y old). Linear regression analysis and linear mixed models were used to assess whether ANM is associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with changes in CVRFs. Models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, lifestyle-related factors, time since menopause, medication, and clinical conditions. RESULTS: We analyzed 981 postmenopausal women. The cross-sectional analysis showed that women with ANM younger than 45 years had lower diastolic blood pressure (ß = -3.76 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -5.86 to -1.65) compared with women whose ANM was 45 years or older. In the longitudinal analysis, ANM younger than 45 years was associated with changes in log insulin (ß = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.45) and log homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance levels (ß = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.48). No associations were found between ANM and other CVRFs. CONCLUSIONS: Early menopause may be associated with changes in glucose metabolism, while it may have little to no impact on other CVRFs. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to replicate our findings.

Concepts and definitions of healthy ageing: a systematic review and synthesis of theoretical models.

Background: Healthy ageing (HA) has been defined using multiple approaches. We aim to produce a comprehensive overview and analysis of the theoretical models underpinning this concept and its associated normative terms and definitions. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed HA models in Embase.com, Medline (Ovid), Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science until August 2022. Original theoretical papers, concept analyses, and reviews that proposed new models were included. Operational models/definitions, development psychology theories and mechanisms of ageing were excluded. We followed an iterative approach to extract the models' characteristics and thematically analyze them based on the approach of Walker and Avant. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021238796). Findings: Out of 10,741 records, we included 59 papers comprising 65 models/definitions, published in English (1960-2022) from 16 countries in Europe, Asia, and America. Human ageing was described using 12 normative terms, mainly (models (%)): successful (34 (52%)), healthy (eight (12%)), well (five (8%)), and active (four (6%)). We identified intrinsic/extrinsic factors interacting throughout the life course, adaptive processes as attributes, and outcomes describing ageing patterns across objective and subjective dimensions (number of models/definitions): cognitive (62), psychological (53), physical (49), social (49), environmental (19), spiritual (16), economic (13), cultural (eight), political (six), and demographic (four) dimensions. Three types of models emerged: health-state outcomes (three), adaptations across the life course (31), or a combination of both (31). Two additional sub-classifications emphasized person-environment congruence and health promotion. Interpretation: HA conceptualizations highlight its multidimensionality and complexity that renders a monistic model/definition challenging. It has become evident that life long person-environment interactions, adaptations, environments, and health promotion/empowerment are essential for HA. Our model classification provides a basis for harmonizing terms and dimensions that can guide research and comparisons of empirical findings, and inform social and health policies enabling HA for various populations and contexts. Funding: MM, ZMRD, and OI are supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant No 801076, and MM is also supported by the Swiss National Foundation grant No 189235.

Eating behaviors and health-related quality of life: A scoping review.

Discrepancies between total life expectancy and healthy life expectancy are in part due to unhealthy lifestyles, in which diet plays an important role. Despite this knowledge, observational studies and randomized trials have yet to show consistent improvements in health and well-being, also known as health-related quality of life (HRQoL), given the variety of elements that conform a healthy diet aside from its content. As such, we aimed to describe the evidence and common topics concerning the effects of modifiable eating behaviors and HRQoL in patients with non-communicable diseases (NCD). This scoping review of six electronic databases included 174 reports (69 % were experimental studies, 10 % longitudinal studies, and 21 % cross-sectional studies). Using VOSviewer, a bibliometric tool with text mining functionalities, we identified relevant aspects of dietary assessments and interventions. Commonly observed topics in experimental studies were those related to diet quality (micro- and macronutrients, food items, and dietary patterns). In contrast, less was found regarding eating schedules, eating locations, culturally accepted food items, and the role of food insecurity in HRQoL. Disregarding these aspects of diets may be limiting the full potential of nutrition as a key element of health and well-being in order to ensure lengthy and fulfilling lives.

Gene-diet interactions and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review of observational and clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Both genetic background and diet are important determinants of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Understanding gene-diet interactions could help improve CVD prevention and prognosis. We aimed to summarise the evidence on gene-diet interactions and CVD outcomes systematically. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE® via Ovid, Embase, PubMed®, and The Cochrane Library for relevant studies published until June 6th 2022. We considered for inclusion cross-sectional, case-control, prospective cohort, nested case-control, and case-cohort studies as well as randomised controlled trials that evaluated the interaction between genetic variants and/or genetic risk scores and food or diet intake on the risk of related outcomes, including myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and CVD as a composite outcome. The PROSPERO protocol registration code is CRD42019147031. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We included 59 articles based on data from 29 studies; six articles involved multiple studies, and seven did not report details of their source population. The median sample size of the articles was 2562 participants. Of the 59 articles, 21 (35.6%) were qualified as high quality, while the rest were intermediate or poor. Eleven (18.6%) articles adjusted for multiple comparisons, four (7.0%) attempted to replicate the findings, 18 (30.5%) were based on Han-Chinese ethnicity, and 29 (49.2%) did not present Minor Allele Frequency. Fifty different dietary exposures and 52 different genetic factors were investigated, with alcohol intake and ADH1C variants being the most examined. Of 266 investigated diet-gene interaction tests, 50 (18.8%) were statistically significant, including CETP-TaqIB and ADH1C variants, which interacted with alcohol intake on CHD risk. However, interactions effects were significant only in some articles and did not agree on the direction of effects. Moreover, most of the studies that reported significant interactions lacked replication. Overall, the evidence on gene-diet interactions on CVD is limited, and lack correction for multiple testing, replication and sample size consideration.

Mental health of migrants with pre-migration exposure to armed conflict: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to armed conflict has been associated with negative mental health consequences. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of generalised anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder among migrants exposed to armed conflict. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched online databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, LILACS, PsycInfo [via Ovid], PubMed, and Web of Science Core Collection) for relevant observational studies published between Jan 1, 1994, and June 28, 2021. We included studies that used standardised psychiatric interviews to assess generalised anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder among migrants (refugees or internally displaced persons; aged ≥18 years) with pre-migration exposure to armed conflict. We excluded studies in which exposure to armed conflict could not be ascertained, studies that included a clinical population or people with chronic diseases that can trigger the onset of mental disease, and studies published before 1994. We used a random effects model to estimate each mental health disorder's pooled prevalence and random effects meta-regression to assess sources of heterogeneity. Two independent reviewers assessed the risk of bias for each study using the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Prevalence Studies. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020209251. FINDINGS: Of the 13 935 studies identified, 34 met our inclusion criteria; these studies accounted for 15 549 migrants. We estimated a prevalence of current post-traumatic stress disorder of 31% (95% CI 23-40); prevalence of current major depressive disorder of 25% (17-34); and prevalence of generalised anxiety disorder of 14% (5-35). Younger age was associated with a higher prevalence of current post-traumatic stress disorder (odds ratio 0·95 [95% CI 0·90-0·99]), lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (0·88 [0·83-0·92]), and current generalised anxiety disorder (0·87 [0·78-0·97]). A longer time since displacement was associated with a lower lifetime prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (0·88 [0·81-0·95]) and major depressive disorder (0·81 [0·77-0·86]). Migrating to a middle-income (8·09 [3·06-21·40]) or low-income (39·29 [11·96-129·70]) country was associated with increased prevalence of generalised anxiety disorder. INTERPRETATION: Migrants who are exposed to armed conflict are at high risk of mental health disorders. The mental health-care needs of migrants should be assessed soon after resettlement, and adequate care should be provided, with particular attention paid to young adults. FUNDING: Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (Horizon 2020-COFUND), MinCiencias (Colombia), and Swiss National Science Foundation.

Dietary factors and onset of natural menopause: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Diet has been suggested to play a role in determining the age at natural menopause; however, the evidence is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: We systematically reviewed and evaluated published research about associations between diet and onset of natural menopause (ONM). METHODS: We searched 6 databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar) through January 21,2021 to identify prospective studies assessing the association between diet and ONM. Two independent reviewers extracted data using a predesigned data-collection form. Pooled hazard risks (HRs) were calculated using random effect models. RESULTS: Of the 6,137 eligible references we reviewed, we included 15 articles in our final analysis. Those 15 articles included 91,554 women out of 298,413 who experienced natural menopause during follow-up. Overall, there were 89 food groups investigated, 38 macronutrients and micronutrients, and 6 dietary patterns. Among the food groups, higher intake of green and yellow vegetables was associated with earlier age of ONM, while high intakes of some dairy products, such as low-fat, skimmed milk, and low intake of alcohol were associated with a later onset. We observed no consistent association between macronutrient and micronutrient intake and ONM. Our results suggests that a vegetarian diet could be associated with early ONM; we did not observe any other consistent effect from other dietary patterns. Limitations included the number of studies, lack of replication studies and the research being of an observational nature; most studies (11/15) were at medium risk of bias. CONCLUSION: Although some food items were associated with ONM, the overall evidence about associations between diet and ONM remains controversial. Prospero id: CRD42021232087.

Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Intake and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has increased worldwide during the last decades because they are hyperpalatable, cheap, and ready-to-consume products. However, uncertainty exists about their impact on health. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the association of UPF consumption with all-cause mortality risk. Five bibliographic databases were searched for relevant studies. Random effects models were used to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of 6,951 unique citations, 40 unique prospective cohort studies comprising 5,750,133 individuals were included; publication dates ranged from 1984 to 2021. Compared with low consumption, highest consumption of UPF (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.42), sugar-sweetened beverages (RR = 1.11, 95% CI, 1.04, 1.18), artificially sweetened beverages (RR = 1.14, 95% CI, 1.05, 1.22), and processed meat/red meat (RR = 1.15, 95% CI, 1.10, 1.21) were significantly associated with increased risk of mortality. However, breakfast cereals were associated with a lower mortality risk (RR = 0.85, 95% CI, 0.79, 0.92). This meta-analysis suggests that high consumption of UPF, sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, processed meat, and processed red meat might increase all-cause mortality, while breakfast cereals might decrease it. Future studies are needed to address lack of standardized methods in UPF categorization.

Menopause and cardiometabolic diseases: What we (don't) know and why it matters.

This narrative review discusses the current understanding, knowledge gaps and challenges in expanding our knowledge of the association between menopause and the reproductive aging process and cardiometabolic disease (CMD) in women, with a focus on type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The physiological changes that occur at different stages of the reproductive life span, as well as type of menopause and timing, are factors widely associated with CMD risk; however, the underlying mechanisms remain either unclear or insufficiently studied. Decreased ovarian estrogen production and relative androgen excess around menopause onset are the most studied factors linking menopause and cardiometabolic health; nevertheless, the evidence is not persuasive and other hypotheses might explain the changes in CMD risk during menopausal transition. In this context, hormone therapy has been widely adopted in the treatment and prevention of CMD, although uncertainty regarding its cardiometabolic effects has raised the need to optimize therapeutic modalities. Mechanisms such as the "iron overload theory" and new "omics" platforms could provide new insights into potential pathways underlying the association between menopause and cardiometabolic health, such as the DNA damage response. Although it has been widely reported that environmental and lifestyle factors affect both menopause and cardiometabolic health, there is little evidence on the role of these exposures in menopause-associated CMD risk.

Age at Natural Menopause and Blood Pressure Traits: Mendelian Randomization Study.

Observational studies suggest that early onset of menopause is associated with increased risk of hypertension. Whether this association is causal or due to residual confounding and/or reverse causation remains undetermined. We aimed to evaluate the observational and causal association between age at natural menopause (ANM) and blood pressure traits in Caucasian women. A cross-sectional and one-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted in 4451 postmenopausal women from the CoLaus and Rotterdam studies. Regression models were built with observational data to study the associations of ANM with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) and hypertension. One-sample MR analysis was performed by calculating a genetic risk score of 54 ANM-related variants, previously identified in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on ANM. In the two-sample MR analysis we used the estimates from the ANM-GWAS and association estimates from 168,575 women of the UK Biobank to evaluate ANM-related variants and their causal association with SBP and DBP. Pooled analysis from both cohorts showed that a one-year delay in menopause onset was associated with 2% (95% CI 0; 4) increased odds of having hypertension, and that early menopause was associated with lower DBP (ß = -1.31, 95% CI -2.43; -0.18). While one-sample MR did not show a causal association between ANM and blood pressure traits, the two-sample MR showed a positive causal association of ANM with SBP; the last was driven by genes related to DNA damage repair. The present study does not support the hypothesis that early onset of menopause is associated with higher blood pressure. Our results suggest different ANM-related genetic pathways could differently impact blood pressure.

What Influences the Sustainable Food Consumption Behaviours of University Students? A Systematic Review.

Objectives: Global environmental challenges demand sustainable behaviours and policies to protect human and planetary health. We aimed to summarize the evidence about the factors related to Sustainable Food Consumption (SFC) behaviours of university students, and to propose an operational categorization of SFC behaviours. Methods: Seven databases were searched for observational studies evaluating Sustainable Food Consumption (SFC) among university students and that reported at least one behavioural outcome measure. Qualitative synthesis was conducted, and PRISMA guidelines for reporting were followed. Results: Out of 4,479 unique references identified, 40 studies were selected. All studies examined personal factors, while 11 out of 40 also measured social or situational factors. Except for food waste, females had higher levels of SFC behaviours, but situational factors moderated this association. Knowledge and attitudes showed mixed results. Overall, sustainable food consumers reported healthier lifestyles. Conclusions: Healthy lifestyle of sustainable food consumers suggests possible synergies between human health and sustainability in terms of motivations for food choice. Moderation effects of social and situational factors on personal factors reveal opportunities to design and examine the effects of choice architecture interventions.

Efficacy of a multimodal nursing intervention strategy in the process of becoming a mother: A randomized controlled trial.

The lack of knowledge and skills for transitioning to motherhood places first-time mothers at greater risk of depression and stress, may lower their perceived self-efficacy and satisfaction with the maternal role, and potentially affects the mother-infant bond. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a multimodal nursing intervention (AMACOMPRI), based on Mercer's Becoming a Mother Theory, in supporting the process of becoming a mother in first-time mothers of term infants. This study was a parallel-group, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial with a 4-month postpartum follow-up. The outcome measures were the process of becoming a mother, functional social support, mother-infant bond, and perceived maternal self-efficacy. Sixty-six first-time mothers completed the study: 33 in the intervention group and 33 in the control group. The intervention was effective in supporting the process of becoming a mother, with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.50) and higher scores on the Becoming-a-Mother Scale in the intervention group compared with the control group (intergroup difference 13.04 points; 95% confidence interval: 8.72-17.34). Participants in the intervention group demonstrated higher scores in functional social support, perceived maternal self-efficacy, and mother-infant bond. This study provides evidence for the efficacy of an innovative nursing intervention that supports the process of becoming a mother. Further testing of the intervention is required in different settings and first-time mothers of low and high risk newborns.

COVID-19 in Health-Care Workers: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence, Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes.

Health-care workers (HCWs) are at the frontline of response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), being at a higher risk of acquiring the disease and, subsequently, exposing patients and others. Searches of 8 bibliographic databases were performed to systematically review the evidence on the prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among HCWs. A total of 97 studies (all published in 2020) met the inclusion criteria. The estimated prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection from HCWs' samples, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the presence of antibodies, was 11% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7, 15) and 7% (95% CI: 4, 11), respectively. The most frequently affected personnel were nurses (48%, 95% CI: 41, 56), whereas most of the COVID-19-positive medical personnel were working in hospital nonemergency wards during screening (43%, 95% CI: 28, 59). Anosmia, fever, and myalgia were the only symptoms associated with HCW SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Among HCWs positive for COVID-19 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 40% (95% CI: 17, 65) were asymptomatic at time of diagnosis. Finally, severe clinical complications developed in 5% (95% CI: 3, 8) of the COVID-19-positive HCWs, and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.02, 1.3) died. Health-care workers suffer a significant burden from COVID-19, with those working in hospital nonemergency wards and nurses being the most commonly infected personnel.

Validación de constructo de la escala Zung en pacientes con falla cardíaca / Zung Scale Construct Validation in Heart Failure Patients / Validação do construto da escala de Zung em pacientes com insuciência cardíaca

Introducción: la escala Zung para depresión ha sido previamente utilizada en pacientes con falla cardíaca; sin embargo, en nuestro conocimiento no se encuentra evidencia de su validez para la versión en español, ni su uso en población adulta con falla cardíaca en Colombia. Objetivo: determinar la validez de constructo de la escala Zung para depresión en su versión original y proponer una versión abreviada para pacientes adultos con falla cardíaca. Método: estudio de corte transversal, realizado en 200 pacientes de una clínica de falla y trasplante cardiaco, a quienes se aplicó la Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Se evaluó la consistencia interna por medio del alfa de Cronbach, y el análisis factorial fue utilizado para identificar las dimensiones del instrumento. Resultados: la consistencia interna de la versión original de la escala (20 ítems) fue de α = 0,811. El análisis de factores mostró una estructura compuesta por tres de ellos que explican el 51,59 % de la varianza total. La nueva versión abreviada (13 ítems) obtuvo un α = 0,819, y los ítems correlacionaron con un único factor que explicó el 33,54 % de la varianza total. Discusión: Nuestros hallazgos son similares a los encontrados por otros autores en diferentes poblaciones a la estudiada. Conclusiones: se evidenció validez de constructo tanto para la escala Zung, para depresión, en su versión original, como para la abreviada, creada en la población estudiada. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios adicionales que verifiquen estos hallazgos en una muestra representativa, y que otros aspectos de la psicometría sean evaluados.

Introduction: the Zung scale for depression has previously been used in patients with heart failure; However, to our knowledge, there is no evidence of its validity for the Spanish version, nor its use in the adult population with heart failure in Colombia. Objective: to determine the construct validity of the Zung scale for depression in its original version and propose an abbreviated version for adult patients with heart failure. Method: A cross sectional study was carried out in 200 patients from a heart failure and transplant clinic to whom the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale was applied. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, and factor analysis was used to identify the instrument's dimensions. Results: the internal consistency of the original version of the scale (20 items) was α = 0.811. The factor analysis showed a structure composed of three that explains 51.59% of the total variance. The new abbreviated version (13 items) obtained α = 0.819, and the items correlated with a single factor that explained 33.54% of the total variance. Discussion: Our findings are similar to those found by other authors in different populations from the one studied. Conclusions: construct validity was evidenced for both the Zung scale for depression, in its original version, and the abbreviated version created in the studied population.

Introdução: a escala de Zung para depressão foi usada anteriormente em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. No entanto, até onde sabemos, não há evidências de sua validade para a versão em espanhol, nem seu uso na população adulta com insuficiência cardíaca na Colômbia. Objetivo: determinar a validade de construto da escala de Zung para depressão em sua versão original e propor uma versão abreviada para pacientes adultos com insuficiência cardíaca. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 200 pacientes de uma clínica de insuciência cardíaca e transplante, aos quais foi aplicada a Zung Self Rating Depression Scale. A consistência interna foi avaliada por meio do alfa de Cronbach e a análise fatorial foi utilizada para identificar as dimensões do instrumento. Resultados: a consistência interna da versão original da escala (20 itens) foi α = 0,811. A análise fatorial mostrou uma estrutura composta por três deles que explicam 51,59% da variância total. A nova versão abreviada (13 itens) obteve α = 0,819, e os itens se correlacionaram com um único fator que explicou 33,54% da variância total. Discussão: Nossos achados são semelhantes aos encontrados por outros autores em populações diferentes da estudada. Conclusões: a validade de construto foi evidenciada tanto para a escala de Zung, para depressão, em sua versão original, quanto para a versão abreviada, elaborada na população estudada. No entanto, estudos adicionais são necessários para verificar esses achados em uma amostra representativa e que forem avaliados outros aspectos da psicometria

Psychometric Properties of the Functional Social Support Domain of Perinatal Infant Care Social Support.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the face, content, construct validity, and reliability of the functional social support domain of Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) translated into Spanish and adapted for first-time mothers of term babies. METHODS: Validation study of the functional social support domain of PICSS, which has 22 items with response options from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate greater social support. A translation, back-translation, and cultural adaptation process took place along with an expert review to evaluate face and content validity. In total, 210 mothers participated to establish construct validity and the reliability of the domain. The content validity index and factor analysis were used to identify the structure of the domain. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Linguistic and cultural adaptations were performed, along with validation and reliability. Face validity for mothers was the following: high comprehension (94%); and for experts: high comprehension (95.83%), high clarity (96.53%), and high precision (92.82%). In relevance and pertinence, the content validity index was high (0.97). Construct validation identified two factors that explained 76% of the variance of the domain evaluated: factor 1 "Supporting presence -emotional and appraisal support" (13 items, 39%) and factor 2 "Practical support -informational and instrumental support-" (9 items, 37%). Cronbach's alpha value was 0.97. CONCLUSIONS: Given the robust psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functional social support domain of PICSS, this may be used to identify the functional social support in the mothers.

Anemia and iron metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Iron metabolism and anemia may play an important role in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate biomarkers of anemia and iron metabolism (hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor, hepcidin, haptoglobin, unsaturated iron-binding capacity, erythropoietin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrine, and erythrocyte indices) in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and explored their prognostic value. Six bibliographic databases were searched up to August 3rd 2020. We included 189 unique studies, with data from 57,563 COVID-19 patients. Pooled mean hemoglobin and ferritin levels in COVID-19 patients across all ages were 129.7 g/L (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 128.51; 130.88) and 777.33 ng/mL (95% CI, 701.33; 852.77), respectively. Hemoglobin levels were lower with older age, higher percentage of subjects with diabetes, hypertension and overall comorbidities, and admitted to intensive care. Ferritin level increased with older age, increasing proportion of hypertensive study participants, and increasing proportion of mortality. Compared to moderate cases, severe COVID-19 cases had lower hemoglobin [weighted mean difference (WMD), - 4.08 g/L (95% CI - 5.12; - 3.05)] and red blood cell count [WMD, - 0.16 × 1012 /L (95% CI - 0.31; - 0.014)], and higher ferritin [WMD, - 473.25 ng/mL (95% CI 382.52; 563.98)] and red cell distribution width [WMD, 1.82% (95% CI 0.10; 3.55)]. A significant difference in mean ferritin levels of 606.37 ng/mL (95% CI 461.86; 750.88) was found between survivors and non-survivors, but not in hemoglobin levels. Future studies should explore the impact of iron metabolism and anemia in the pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

Validación de un instrumento para medir la adherencia al tratamiento en hipertensión y diabetes / Validação de um instrumento para medir a adesão ao tratamento em hipertensão e diabetes / Validation of an instrument to measure treatment adherence in hypertension and diabetes

Introducción: La hipertensión y la diabetes mellitus son enfermedades crónicas que representan una importante carga tanto económica como social. El manejo de estas patologías requiere de estrategias que involucran cambios en el estilo de vida, cumplimiento del tratamiento farmacológico y monitoreo eficaz de la enfermedad. Usualmente, la medición del cumplimiento se enfoca en el tratamiento farmacológico, dejando de lado el enfoque integral que involucra diferentes recomendaciones que son clave para el adecuado control de estas enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de constructo y reproducibilidad de la etiqueta de resultado de enfermería "Conducta terapéutica: enfermedad o lesión (1609)" para medir la adherencia al régimen terapéutico en personas con hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal realizado en 500 usuarios de programas de riesgo cardiovascular en Bucaramanga-Colombia. Se diseñó un instrumento para medir la adherencia al tratamiento con base en la taxonomía Clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería, recomendaciones vigentes de la literatura científica y la experiencia de los investigadores. La validez de constructo fue evaluada a través de un análisis factorial de componentes principales y bajo la metodología Rasch. La reproducibilidad por medio del coeficiente de correlación intraclase en 100 usuarios. Resultados: Se obtuvo un instrumento de 13 ítems que representan 5 indicadores de la etiqueta de resultado de enfermería 1609, los cuales explicaron el 67.62% de la variación total y se ajustaron al modelo Rasch (unidimensionalidad del constructo adherencia). La reproducibilidad fue del 0.63 (IC 95% 0.46 - 0.75). Discusión y Conclusiones: Se encontró evidencia de la validez de constructo del instrumento que operacionaliza la etiqueta de resultado de enfermería (1609) para la medición de la adherencia al régimen terapéutico en pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes.

Introduction: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are chronic diseases imposing a significant economic and social burden. Managing these diseases requires lifestyle changes, adherence to drug treatment and effective disease monitoring. Measuring compliance usually focuses on drug treatment, leaving aside the comprehensive approach which involves different key recommendations for appropriate control of these diseases. Objective: To determine the construct and reproducibility validity of the Nursing Outcomes Classification label "Therapeutic behavior: illness or injury (1609)" to measure adherence to the therapeutic regimen in people with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 users of cardiovascular risk reduction programs in Bucaramanga, Colombia. An instrument was designed to measure adherence to treatment based on the Nursing Outcomes Classification taxonomy, current recommendations from scientific literature and researchers experience. Construct validity was assessed using a principal component factor analysis based on the Rasch model. Reproducibility was validated using the intraclass correlation coefficient in 100 users. Results: A 13-item instrument comprising 5 indicators of the Nursing Outcome Classification label (1609) was developed, which explained 67.62% of the total variation, fitting the Rasch model (unidimensionality of the adherence construct). Reproducibility was 0.63 (95% CI 0.46-0.75). Conclusions: Evidence was found for the construct validity of the instrument operationalizing the Nursing Outcomes Classification label (1906) for the measurement of adherence to the therapeutic regimen in patients with hypertension and diabetes.

Introdução: Hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus são doenças crônicas que representam uma carga econômica e social significativa. A gestão das doenças requer estratégias que envolvam mudanças no estilo de vida, adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e monitoramento eficaz das doenças. Normalmente, a medição da conformidade se concentra no tratamento medicamentoso, deixando de lado a abordagem integral que envolve diferentes recomendações que são fundamentais para o controle adequado dessas doenças. Objetivo: Determinar a validade da construção e reprodutibilidade da etiqueta de Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem "Conduta terapêutica: doença ou lesão (1609)" para medir a adesão ao regime terapêutico de pessoas com pressão alta e diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado entre 500 usuários de programas de risco cardiovascular em Bucaramanga-Colômbia. Um instrumento foi projetado para medir a adesão ao tratamento com base na taxonomia da Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem, recomendações atuais da literatura científica e experiência dos pesquisadores. A validade da construção foi avaliada através de uma análise dos principais fatores componentes de acordo com a metodologia Rasch. A reprodutibilidade foi validada por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse em 100 usuários. Resultados: Foi obtido um instrumento de 13 itens contendo 5 indicadores da Etiqueta de Resultados de Enfermagem 1609, que explicou 67,62% da variação total e se encaixa no modelo Rasch (unidimensionalidade da construção de adesão). A reprodutibilidade foi de 0,63 (IC de 95% 0,46 - 0,75). Conclusões: Encontramos evidências da validade da construção do instrumento que operacionaliza a etiqueta de Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem (1609) para medir a adesão ao regime terapêutico de pacientes com hipertensão e diabetes.